Human Papillomavirus 16 Lineage D is Associated with High Risk of Cervical Cancer in the Brazilian Northeast Region.

OBJECTIVE: Similar to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, different lineages of a genotype also have different carcinogenic capabilities. Studies have shown that specific genotype lineages of oncogenic HPV are associated with variable risks for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/CIN3) and cervical cancer. The present study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of the HPV16 genotype in women with CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer, from the northeast region of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in the northeast region of Brazil, from 2014 to 2016. This study included 196 cases of HPV16 variants (59 and 137 cases of CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer, respectively). The difference of proportion test was used to compare patients with CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer, based on the prevalent HPV16 lineage (p < 0.05). RESULTS: According to the histopathological diagnosis, the percentage of lineage frequencies revealed a marginal difference in the prevalence of lineage A in CIN2/CIN3, compared with that in cervical cancer (p = 0.053). For lineage D, the proportion was higher in cancer cases (32.8%), than in CIN2/CIN3 cases (16.9%), with p = 0.023. CONCLUSION: HPV16 lineage A was the most frequent lineage in both CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer samples, while lineage D was predominant in cervical cancer, suggesting a possible association between HPV16 lineage D and cervical cancer.

OBJETIVO: Tanto os tipos quanto as linhagens do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) parecem ter diferentes capacidades carcinogênicas e estão associados a riscos variados para o desenvolvimento de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e câncer de colo do útero. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a diversidade genética do genótipo HPV 16 nos casos de NIC2/NIC3 e câncer de colo de útero em mulheres da região Nordeste do Brasil. MéTODOS: Estudo transversal de base hospitalar realizado na região Nordeste do Brasil no período de 2014 a 2016. A amostra foi composta por 196 casos da variante HPV-16 (59 casos de NIC2/NIC3 e 137 de câncer do colo do útero). O teste de diferença de proporção foi usado para comparar os grupos NIC2/NIC3 e câncer de colo do útero por linhagem viral em relação à prevalência da linhagem HPV-16. Foi considerada significância estatística o valor de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: As frequências de linhagem por diagnóstico histopatológico mostraram diferença limítrofe da linhagem A no grupo NIC2/NIC3 em relação ao grupo câncer de colo de útero (p = 0,053). Por outro lado, em relação à linhagem D, houve uma proporção maior nos casos de câncer (32,8%) quando comparado ao grupo NIC2/NIC3 (16,9%) e esta diferença se mostrou estatisticamente significante (p = 0,023). CONCLUSãO: A linhagem A do HPV-16 foi a mais frequente tanto nas amostras CIN2/CIN3 quanto nas amostras de câncer de colo de útero, enquanto a linhagem D predominou no câncer de colo do útero, sugerindo uma possível associação da linhagem D de HPV-16 com câncer de colo de útero.

Estimativa de Incidência de Câncer no Brasil, 2023-2025 / Estimated Cancer Incidence in Brazil, 2023-2025 / Incidencia Estimada de Cáncer en Brasil, 2023-2025

O câncer é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Na última década, houve um aumento de 20% na incidência e espera-se que, para 2030, ocorram mais de 25 milhões de casos novos. Estimativas do número de casos novos de câncer são uma ferramenta poderosa para fundamentar políticas públicas e alocação racional de recursos para o combate ao câncer. A vigilância do câncer é um elemento crucial para planejamento, monitoramento e avaliação das ações de controle do câncer. Objetivo: Estimar e descrever a incidência de câncer no país, Regiões geográficas, Unidades da Federação, Distrito Federal e capitais, por sexo, para o triênio 2023-2025. Método: As informações foram extraídas do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e dos Registros de Câncer de Base Populacional. Foram estimados os casos novos e suas respectivas taxas de incidência pelos modelos de predição tempo-linear ou pela razão de incidência e mortalidade. Resultados: São esperados 704 mil casos novos de câncer para o triênio 2023-2025. Excetuando o câncer de pele não melanoma, ocorrerão 483 mil casos novos. O câncer de mama feminina e o de próstata foram os mais incidentes com 73 mil e 71 mil casos novos, respectivamente. Em seguida, o câncer de cólon e reto (45 mil), pulmão (32 mil), estômago (21 mil) e o câncer do colo do útero (17 mil). Conclusão: No Brasil, por suas dimensões continentais e heterogeneidade, em termos de território e população, o perfil da incidência reflete a diversidade das Regiões geográficas, coexistindo padrões semelhantes ao de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento

Cancer is a worldwide public health problem, in the last decade there was an increase of 20% of the incidence and more than 25 million new cases are expected by 2030. Estimates of the number of new cancer cases are a powerful tool to support public policies and rational allocation of resources to fight cancer. Cancer surveillance is paramount for planning, monitoring and evaluating cancer control programs. Objective: To estimate and to describe the incidence of cancer in the country, geographic regions, states, Federal District and capitals, by sex, for the 2023-2025 period. Method: Cancer mortality and incidence information were extracted from the Mortality Information System and from Population-Based Cancer Registries. The number of new cases and their respective incidence rates were estimated by time-linear prediction models or by the incidence and mortality ratio. Results: 704,000 new cases of cancer are expected for the triennium 2023-2025. Except for nonmelanoma skin cancer, 483,000 new cases will occur. Female breast cancer and prostate cancer were the most frequent with 73,000 and 71,000 new cases, respectively, followed by colorectal cancer (45,000), lung (32,000) and stomach (21,000), and cervical cancer (17,000). Conclusion: In Brazil, due to its continental dimensions and heterogeneity both in terms of population and territory, the incidence profile reflects the diversity of geographic regions, and patterns similar to developed and developing countries.

Introducción: El cáncer es un problema de salud pública mundial, en la última década, hubo un incremento de un 20% en la incidencia y se espera, para 2030, más de 25 millones de nuevos casos. Estimaciones del número de nuevos casos de cáncer son una herramienta poderosa para fundamentar políticas públicas y la asignación racional de recursos para el combate contra el cáncer. La vigilancia es un elemento crucial para la planificación, monitoreo y evaluación de las acciones de control del cáncer. Objetivo: Estimar y describir la incidencia de cáncer en el país, regiones geográficas, Unidades de la Federación, Distrito Federal y capitales, por género, para el trienio 2023-2025. Método: Las informaciones fueron extraídas del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad y de los Registros de Cáncer de Base Poblacional. Fueron estimados los nuevos casos y sus respectivas tasas de incidencia mediante los modelos de predicción tiempo-lineal o por la razón de incidencia y mortalidad. Resultados: Se prevén 704 mil nuevos casos de cáncer para el trienio 2023-2025. Exceptuando el cáncer de piel no-melanoma, ocurrirán 483 mil nuevos casos. El cáncer de mama femenino y el de próstata fueron los que tuvieron mayor incidencia con 73 mil y 71 mil nuevos casos, respectivamente. Les siguen el cáncer de colon y recto (45 mil), pulmón (32 mil), estómago (21 mil) y el cáncer del cuello uterino (17 mil). Conclusión: En el Brasil, por sus dimensiones continentales y heterogeneidad, en términos de territorio y población, el perfil de la incidencia refleja la diversidad de las regiones geográficas, coexistiendo estándares similares al de los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo

Impacto da pandemia da Covid-19 sobre o Serviço e Cuidado à Pessoa Tabagista no SUS / Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Service and Care for Smokers in the SUS

Resumo Durante a pandemia da Covid-19, o serviço para tratamento do fumante foi impactado. Este artigo avaliou o impacto da pandemia sobre o serviço no SUS. Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo ecológico utilizando o banco de dados do Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo (PNCT) anos 2019, 2020 e 2021, de cinco estados (PA, PB, GO, RJ e RS) referente ao segundo quadrimestre. Foram estimadas as diferenças relativas no número de unidades que ofereceram o serviço e no número de atendimentos para avaliação clínica, primeira e quarta sessões. Para os anos de 2019 e 2020, observou-se diferença percentual no número de unidades que ofereceram o serviço em todos os estados estudados de -51,9%. Para os anos de 2019 e 2021, a diferença relativa para as unidades de saúde foi de -20,96% e, para a avaliação clínica, primeira e quarta sessões foram: -54,19%, -55,07% e -61,31%, respectivamente. Essas diferenças foram maiores para as capitais quando comparadas com os demais municípios. Apesar do impacto negativo, principalmente no primeiro ano da pandemia, o estudo mostrou que os serviços não interromperam suas atividades e mostraram alguma recuperação em 2021.Também foi importante observar que os tabagistas, apesar das recomendações, não deixaram de procurar o tratamento.

Abstract During the Covid-19 pandemic, the smoker treatment service was impacted. This article evaluated the impact of the pandemic on the service in the SUS. This is an ecological descriptive observational study using the National Tobacco Control Program (PNCT) database for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021, from five states (PA, PB, GO, RJ and RS) for the second four months. Relative differences were estimated in the number of units that offered the service and in the number of consultations for clinical evaluation, first and fourth sessions. For the years 2019 and 2020, there was a percentage difference of -51.9% in the number of units that offered the service in all states studied. For the years 2019 and 2021, the relative difference for the health units was -20.96% and, for the clinical evaluation, the first and fourth sessions were: -54.19%, -55.07% and -61 .31%, respectively. These differences were greater for the capitals when compared to the other municipalities. Despite the negative impact, especially in the first year of the pandemic, the study showed that the services did not interrupt their activities and showed some recovery in 2021. It was also important to note that smokers, despite the recommendations, did not stop seeking treatment.

Human Papillomavirus 16 Lineage D is Associated with High Risk of Cervical Cancer in the Brazilian Northeast Region / Papillomavirus humano 16 da linhagem D associado a alto risco de câncer de colo do útero em região do nordeste brasileiro

Abstract Objective Similar to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, different lineages of a genotype also have different carcinogenic capabilities. Studies have shown that specific genotype lineages of oncogenic HPV are associated with variable risks for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/CIN3) and cervical cancer. The present study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of the HPV16 genotype in women with CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer, from the northeast region of Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in the northeast region of Brazil, from 2014 to 2016. This study included 196 cases of HPV16 variants (59 and 137 cases of CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer, respectively). The difference of proportion test was used to compare patients with CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer, based on the prevalent HPV16 lineage (p < 0.05). Results According to the histopathological diagnosis, the percentage of lineage frequencies revealed a marginal difference in the prevalence of lineage A in CIN2/CIN3, compared with that in cervical cancer (p = 0.053). For lineage D, the proportion was higher in cancer cases (32.8%), than in CIN2/CIN3 cases (16.9%), with p = 0.023. Conclusion HPV16 lineage A was the most frequent lineage in both CIN2/CIN3 and cervical cancer samples, while lineage D was predominant in cervical cancer, suggesting a possible association between HPV16 lineage D and cervical cancer.

Resumo Objetivo Tanto os tipos quanto as linhagens do Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) parecem ter diferentes capacidades carcinogênicas e estão associados a riscos variados para o desenvolvimento de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e câncer de colo do útero. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a diversidade genética do genótipo HPV 16 nos casos de NIC2/NIC3 e câncer de colo de útero em mulheres da região Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal de base hospitalar realizado na região Nordeste do Brasil no período de 2014 a 2016. A amostra foi composta por 196 casos da variante HPV-16 (59 casos de NIC2/NIC3 e 137 de câncer do colo do útero). O teste de diferença de proporção foi usado para comparar os grupos NIC2/NIC3 e câncer de colo do útero por linhagem viral em relação à prevalência da linhagem HPV-16. Foi considerada significância estatística o valor de p < 0,05. Resultados As frequências de linhagem por diagnóstico histopatológico mostraram diferença limítrofe da linhagem A no grupo NIC2/NIC3 em relação ao grupo câncer de colo de útero (p = 0,053). Por outro lado, em relação à linhagem D, houve uma proporção maior nos casos de câncer (32,8%) quando comparado ao grupo NIC2/NIC3 (16,9%) e esta diferença se mostrou estatisticamente significante (p = 0,023). Conclusão A linhagem A do HPV-16 foi a mais frequente tanto nas amostras CIN2/CIN3 quanto nas amostras de câncer de colo de útero, enquanto a linhagem D predominou no câncer de colo do útero, sugerindo uma possível associação da linhagem D de HPV-16 com câncer de colo de útero.

[Risk of initiation to smoking with the use of electronic cigarettes: systematic review and meta-analysis]. / Risco de iniciação ao tabagismo com o uso de cigarros eletrônicos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise.

This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil.

Risco de iniciação ao tabagismo com o uso de cigarros eletrônicos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Risk of initiation to smoking with the use of electronic cigarettes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.

Contributions of the analysis of discarded cigarette packages in household waste in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to estimate the illegal market. / Contribuições da análise de embalagens de cigarros descartadas nos resíduos domiciliares do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para estimativa de mercado ilegal.

The illicit trade of tobacco products, by enabling access to cheaper cigarettes, favors smoking initiation and hinders its cessation, minimizing the effects of price policy and taxes on reducing the demand for tobacco. This is especially the case among populations with lower income and schooling, where smoking is concentrated. Its confrontation requires multisectoral actions, aligned with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by estimates of the illicit trade magnitude and the analysis of its characteristics. This study analyzes, based on samples of household solid waste collected in 2018 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the conformity of discarded cigarette packages with criteria for their regular commercialization in Brazil, classifying them as legal or illegal. The evaluation was also carried out for the 15 Planning Areas (PA) of the municipality. The Social Progress Index (SPI) was chosen to represent heterogeneities among PA. The average percentage of illegal cigarette packs found was 26.79%, ranging from 3.36% to 46.29% among PA. The PAs with high illegality presented lower Social Progress Index and lower percentages of legal cigarette packages with a price equal to or greater than BRL 7.25. Among the illegal packages, 98.07% were manufactured in Paraguay. The study contributes methodologically to measure the consumption of illegal cigarettes in the second economic capital of Brazil, supporting the National Tobacco Control Policy in the struggle against illicit trade of tobacco products and in the effective implementation of the pricing and tax policy on these products.

O comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco, ao possibilitar acesso a cigarros mais baratos, favorece a iniciação do tabagismo e dificulta sua cessação, minimizando os efeitos da política de preços e impostos sobre a redução da demanda por tabaco, sobretudo entre populações de menor renda e escolaridade, onde se concentra o tabagismo. Seu enfrentamento requer ações multissetoriais, alinhadas à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde e seus protocolos, e respaldadas em estimativas de sua magnitude e na análise de suas características. O estudo pretende analisar, por meio de amostras de resíduos sólidos domiciliares coletados em 2018 no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a conformidade das embalagens de cigarros descartadas com critérios para a sua comercialização regular no país, classificando-as como legais ou ilegais. A avaliação foi feita também para as 15 Áreas de Planejamento (AP) do município. Escolheu-se o Índice de Desenvolvimento Social (IDS) para representar as heterogeneidades entre as AP. O percentual médio de embalagens de cigarros ilegais encontrado foi de 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre as AP. As AP com alta ilegalidade apresentavam menores IDS e menores percentuais de embalagens de cigarros legais com preço igual ou superior a R$ 7,25. Dentre as embalagens ilegais, 98,07% apresentavam o Paraguai como país fabricante. O estudo contribui metodologicamente para dimensionar o consumo de cigarros ilegais na segunda capital econômica do Brasil, subsidiando a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco no combate ao comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco e na efetiva implementação da política de preços e impostos sobre estes produtos.

El comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco, al posibilitar el acceso a cigarrillos más baratos, favorece la iniciación del tabaquismo y dificulta la interrupción de su consumo, minimizando los efectos de la política de precios e impuestos sobre la reducción de la demanda de tabaco, sobre todo entre poblaciones de menor renta y escolaridad, donde se concentra el tabaquismo. Su combate requiere acciones multisectoriales, alineadas con la Convención-Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundia de la Salud, y sus protocolos, y respaldadas en estimaciones de su magnitud y en el análisis de sus características. El estudio pretende analizar, mediante muestras de residuos sólidos domiciliarios, recogidos en 2018 en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, la conformidad de los paquetes de cigarrillos tirados a la basura con criterios para su comercialización regular en el país, clasificándolos como legales o ilegales. La evaluación se realizó también para las 15 Áreas de Planificación (AP) del municipio. Se escogió el Índice de Desarrollo Social (IDS) para representar heterogeneidades entre las AP. El porcentaje medio de paquetes de cigarrillos ilegales encontrado fue de un 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre las AP. Las AP con alta ilegalidad presentaban menores IDS y menores porcentajes de paquetes de cigarrillos legales con un precio igual o superior a BRL 7,25. Entre los embalajes ilegales, un 98,07% presentaban Paraguay como el país fabricante. El estudio contribuye metodológicamente para dimensionar el consumo de cigarrillos ilegales en la segunda capital económica de Brasil, apoyando la Política Nacional de Control del Tabaco en el combate al comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco y en la efectiva implementación de la política de precios e impuestos sobre estos productos.

Necessidades Físicas, Emocionais e Socioeconômicas no Pós-tratamento do Câncer de Cabeça e Pescoço: um Estudo Qualitativo / Physical, Emotional and Socioeconomic Needs in the Post-Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer: a Qualitative Study / 2Necesidades Físicas, Emocionales y Socioeconómicas en el Postratamiento del Cáncer de Cabeza y Cuello: un Estudio Cualitativo

Introdução: Os pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço constituem um grupo com necessidades complexas pouco estudadas na fase de pós-tratamento. Objetivo: Compreender a experiência e as necessidades da fase de sobrevivência ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço a partir da perspectiva dos próprios pacientes, seus familiares, e profissionais de saúde de serviços de oncologia. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória descritiva, tendo como referencial metodológico a hermenêutica-dialética. Adotaram-se, como técnicas de produção de dados, a entrevista semiestruturada e o grupo focal. Resultados: O material empírico foi organizado em três categorias de necessidades físicas, emocionais e socioeconômicas e estruturado em três abrangentes sentidos envolvendo as consequências do impacto biológico, psíquico e socioeconômico da doença e seu tratamento. Destacam-se, para o primeiro, os aspectos relativos às adaptações do hábito alimentar, comunicação e manejo dos efeitos do tratamento; o apoio emocional para pacientes e familiares no segundo; e as informações sobre benefícios sociais para o terceiro. Conclusão: As necessidades físicas, emocionais e socioeconômicas da doença e seu tratamento se entrelaçam para formar uma complexa rede de desafios para as políticas públicas de controle do câncer no Brasil

Introduction: Head and neck cancer patients are a group with complex needs barely studied in the post-treatment phase. Objective: To understand the experience and needs of the head and neck cancer survival phase from the perspective of the patients themselves, their families, and health professionals from oncology services. Method: Qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive study, using the hermeneutic-dialectic methodological framework. Semi-structured interviews and focus group were adopted as data production techniques. Results: The empirical material was organized into three categories of needs physical, emotional and socioeconomic and structured in three broad senses involving the consequences of the biological, psychological, and socioeconomic impact of the disease and its treatment. The aspects related to the adaptations of eating habits, communication and management of the treatment effects stand out for the first; emotional support for patients and families in the second, and information about social benefits for the third impact. Conclusion: The physical, emotional, and socioeconomic needs of the disease and its treatment are intertwined to form a complex network of challenges for public cancer control policies in Brazil

Introducción: Los pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello son un grupo con necesidades complejas poco estudiadas en la fase postratamiento. Objetivo: Conocer la experiencia y necesidades de la fase de supervivencia del cáncer de cabeza y cuello desde la perspectiva de los propios pacientes, sus familias y los profesionales sanitarios de los servicios de oncología. Método: Investigación cualitativa, exploratoria y descriptiva, utilizando el marco metodológico hermenéutico-dialéctico. Se adoptaron las entrevistas semiestructuradas y el grupo focal como técnicas de producción de datos. Resultados: El material empírico se organizó en tres categorías de necesidades físicas, emocionales y socioeconómicas y estructurado en tres amplios sentidos que involucran las consecuencias del impacto biológico, psicológico y socioeconómico de la enfermedad y su tratamiento. Los aspectos relacionados con la adaptación de los hábitos alimentarios, la comunicación y el manejo de los efectos del tratamiento destacan por el primero; apoyo emocional a pacientes y familiares en el segundo; e información sobre beneficios sociales para el tercero. Conclusión: Las necesidades físicas, emocionales y socioeconómicas de la enfermedad y su tratamiento se entrelazan para formar una compleja red de desafíos para las políticas públicas de control del cáncer en Brasil

Contribuições da análise de embalagens de cigarros descartadas nos resíduos domiciliares do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para estimativa de mercado ilegal / Contribuciones del análisis de paquetes de cigarrillos desechados como residuos domiciliarios en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para estimar mercado ilegal / Contributions of the analysis of discarded cigarette packages in household waste in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to estimate the illegal market

Resumo: O comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco, ao possibilitar acesso a cigarros mais baratos, favorece a iniciação do tabagismo e dificulta sua cessação, minimizando os efeitos da política de preços e impostos sobre a redução da demanda por tabaco, sobretudo entre populações de menor renda e escolaridade, onde se concentra o tabagismo. Seu enfrentamento requer ações multissetoriais, alinhadas à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde e seus protocolos, e respaldadas em estimativas de sua magnitude e na análise de suas características. O estudo pretende analisar, por meio de amostras de resíduos sólidos domiciliares coletados em 2018 no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a conformidade das embalagens de cigarros descartadas com critérios para a sua comercialização regular no país, classificando-as como legais ou ilegais. A avaliação foi feita também para as 15 Áreas de Planejamento (AP) do município. Escolheu-se o Índice de Desenvolvimento Social (IDS) para representar as heterogeneidades entre as AP. O percentual médio de embalagens de cigarros ilegais encontrado foi de 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre as AP. As AP com alta ilegalidade apresentavam menores IDS e menores percentuais de embalagens de cigarros legais com preço igual ou superior a R$ 7,25. Dentre as embalagens ilegais, 98,07% apresentavam o Paraguai como país fabricante. O estudo contribui metodologicamente para dimensionar o consumo de cigarros ilegais na segunda capital econômica do Brasil, subsidiando a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco no combate ao comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco e na efetiva implementação da política de preços e impostos sobre estes produtos.

Resumen: El comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco, al posibilitar el acceso a cigarrillos más baratos, favorece la iniciación del tabaquismo y dificulta la interrupción de su consumo, minimizando los efectos de la política de precios e impuestos sobre la reducción de la demanda de tabaco, sobre todo entre poblaciones de menor renta y escolaridad, donde se concentra el tabaquismo. Su combate requiere acciones multisectoriales, alineadas con la Convención-Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundia de la Salud, y sus protocolos, y respaldadas en estimaciones de su magnitud y en el análisis de sus características. El estudio pretende analizar, mediante muestras de residuos sólidos domiciliarios, recogidos en 2018 en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, la conformidad de los paquetes de cigarrillos tirados a la basura con criterios para su comercialización regular en el país, clasificándolos como legales o ilegales. La evaluación se realizó también para las 15 Áreas de Planificación (AP) del municipio. Se escogió el Índice de Desarrollo Social (IDS) para representar heterogeneidades entre las AP. El porcentaje medio de paquetes de cigarrillos ilegales encontrado fue de un 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre las AP. Las AP con alta ilegalidad presentaban menores IDS y menores porcentajes de paquetes de cigarrillos legales con un precio igual o superior a BRL 7,25. Entre los embalajes ilegales, un 98,07% presentaban Paraguay como el país fabricante. El estudio contribuye metodológicamente para dimensionar el consumo de cigarrillos ilegales en la segunda capital económica de Brasil, apoyando la Política Nacional de Control del Tabaco en el combate al comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco y en la efectiva implementación de la política de precios e impuestos sobre estos productos.

Abstract: The illicit trade of tobacco products, by enabling access to cheaper cigarettes, favors smoking initiation and hinders its cessation, minimizing the effects of price policy and taxes on reducing the demand for tobacco. This is especially the case among populations with lower income and schooling, where smoking is concentrated. Its confrontation requires multisectoral actions, aligned with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by estimates of the illicit trade magnitude and the analysis of its characteristics. This study analyzes, based on samples of household solid waste collected in 2018 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the conformity of discarded cigarette packages with criteria for their regular commercialization in Brazil, classifying them as legal or illegal. The evaluation was also carried out for the 15 Planning Areas (PA) of the municipality. The Social Progress Index (SPI) was chosen to represent heterogeneities among PA. The average percentage of illegal cigarette packs found was 26.79%, ranging from 3.36% to 46.29% among PA. The PAs with high illegality presented lower Social Progress Index and lower percentages of legal cigarette packages with a price equal to or greater than BRL 7.25. Among the illegal packages, 98.07% were manufactured in Paraguay. The study contributes methodologically to measure the consumption of illegal cigarettes in the second economic capital of Brazil, supporting the National Tobacco Control Policy in the struggle against illicit trade of tobacco products and in the effective implementation of the pricing and tax policy on these products.

Cancer survivorship needs in Brazil: Patient and family perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer Survivorship is a growing public health challenge. Effective responses from health care and social services depend on appropriate identification of survivors and their families´ specific needs. There are few studies on survivorship in low and middle-income countries, therefore, more evidence-based studies are necessary to develop a comprehensive approach to cancer survivorship. OBJECTIVES: Identify the needs of cancer survivors and their relatives, specifically those of individuals with breast, cervical or prostate cancer, and with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory study conducted in two referral institutions in Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) and Fortaleza (Northeast region). The study included 47 patients of public and private health services and 12 family members. We used script-based semi-structured interviews. The discursive material obtained was categorized and analyzed using the Thematic Analysis approach. RESULTS: The analysis identified three central themes: 1) consequences of cancer treatment; 2) Changes in daily life associated with cancer survivorship; and 3) Unmet structural needs in cancer survivorship. CONCLUSION: Social and cancer control policies in Brazil should provide resources, specific care standards and clinical, psychological and social support. Cancer survivors should also receive rehabilitation and work reintegration guidelines. This matter requires broader access to qualified cancer information, development of an integrated patient-centered care and care model, and more research resources for the country's post-treatment cancer period.

The tobacco epidemic curve in Brazil: Where are we going?

BACKGROUND: Brazil experienced a robust decline in smoking prevalence rates as a consequence of public policies. Since lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking, trends in lung cancer mortality rates may be used as a delayed effectiveness indicator of smoking prevention interventions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate lung cancer mortality trends from 1980 through 2017 and to predict temporal trends in lung cancer mortality rates, in Brazil from 2016 through 2040. METHODS: Time trends in lung cancer mortality rates were evaluated using data from available public databases. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates were calculated for each year sex-specific mortality predictions were made for each five-year period from 2016 to 2020 through 2036-2040 using an age-period-cohort (APC) model. Sex ratios were estimated using age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates. RESULTS: A decline in age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates has been observed for males since 2005 and for all predicted periods. It is expected that females aged 55 or younger will experience a reduction in lung cancer mortality from 2021 to 2026 onwards, but for those aged 75 or over rates are predicted to continue increasing through 2036-2040. CONCLUSION: Smoking prevention and cessation policies are essential, and it is important to commit to an ethical framework whereby equity in tobacco control activities between genders is achieved. This will avert many premature and preventable smoking-related deaths in the next decades.

Cost-Effectiveness of Proton Versus Photon Therapy in Pediatric Medulloblastoma Treatment: A Patient Volume-Based Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Proton radiation therapy offers advantages over photon therapy, assisting with severe side effect avoidance. Pediatric patients with medulloblastoma have demonstrated benefit from this technology in recently published cohort studies. OBJECTIVES: To compare the costs and benefits between proton and photon therapy in treating pediatric medulloblastoma. METHODS: The model was built with a lifetime horizon from the Brazilian health system perspective using a 3% discount rate. A microsimulation model was developed after a literature search, comparing scenarios of equipment life span and number of patients treated per year (50, 100, and 150 patients with 10, 25, and 20 years of equipment life span). The baseline parameters were 50 patients treated annually and 20 years of equipment life span. RESULTS: The quality-adjusted life-year gain was 2.71, and the average incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $34 590.54 per quality-adjusted life-year. For the willingness-to-pay threshold of 1 gross domestic product per capita, it was observed that the incorporation of the technology would be cost-effective if more than 150 patients were treated per year. The weight of the equipment life span and other variables was limited when it varied in the sensitivity analysis, without significant changes to the model results. CONCLUSIONS: Proton therapy is not cost-effective for pediatric medulloblastoma treatment from the Brazilian health system perspective. The investment is not worth when considering the number of potential patients and the country dimensions.

Factors associated with the lack of access to cervical cancer screening test results in the Brazilian unified health system network in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro.

Papanicolaou test screening remains an effective approach for the control of cervical cancer. However, for successful control of the disease, patients need to have access to the test results and complete the treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with lack of access to results from the most recent Papanicolaou test in women living in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro who used the Brazilian Unified Health System. Overall prevalence of lack of access to test results was 18.4%. Access to test results was lower for younger women of Black race/skin color origin, those who had difficulties in making an appointment, those who received no information about when to pick up the test results, and those who evaluated the assistance provided by the health professional who collected the Papanicolaou test. Issues related to the organization and infrastructure of the health unit were the most frequently reported cause by the interviewees. The Brazilian Unified Health Service should improve its knowledge of users and service conditions to prevent interruption of the screening flow.

Electronic cigarette awareness, use, and perception of harmfulness in Brazil: findings from a country that has strict regulatory requirements. / Conhecimento e uso de cigarros eletrônicos e percepção de risco no Brasil: resultados de um país com requisitos regulatórios rígidos.

Given the uncertainties regarding electronic cigarettes' (e-cigs) impact on health, in 2009 Brazil prohibited sales, importation or advertisements of these products until manufacturers are able to show they are safe and/or effective in smoking cessation. This study sought to analyze: (1) awareness of electronic cigarettes, ever-use and recent use; (2) perception of harmfulness of electronic cigarettes when compared with conventional cigarettes; and (3) correlates of awareness and perception of harmfulness. This is a cross-sectional study among Brazilian smokers (≥ 18 years) using the Wave 2 replenishment sample of the Brazilian International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Participants were recruited in three cities through a random-digit dialing sampling frame between October 2012 and February 2012. Among the 721 respondents, 37.4% (n = 249) of current smokers were aware of e-cigs, 9.3% (n = 48) reported having ever tried or used e-cigs and 4.6% (n = 24) reported having used them in the previous six months. Among those who were aware of e-cigs, 44.4% (n = 103) believed they were less harmful than regular cigarettes (low perception of harmfulness). "Low perception of harmfulness" was associated with a higher educational level and with having recently tried/used e-cigs. Despite restrictions to e-cigs in Brazil, 4.6% of sample smokers reported having recently used them. Health surveillance programs in Brazil and other countries should include questions on use and perceptions of e-cigs considering their respective regulatory environments.

Mists, vapors and other illusory volatilities of electronic cigarettes. / Névoas, vapores e outras volatilidades ilusórias dos cigarros eletrônicos.

In this article, we analyze the discourse of electronic cigarette suppliers directed at convincing potential users (smokers, former smokers or never smokers) to acquire and use the new product. This is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study on sellers' discourse found in eight on-line sales websites which, between 2011 and 2013, had the highest search frequencies. The websites were identified through Google Trends based on the number of accesses and search frequencies related to electronic cigarettes. Our methodological reference was dialectical-hermeneutics. We categorized the empirical material within the "understanding/interpretation" scheme within four broad meanings: appropriation of the anti-smoking discourse; comparison between conventional and electronic cigarettes; appeal to the trustworthiness of science and projection of e-cigarettes' image. The analysis of these meanings configured the argumentative elements of the marketing discourse used by electronic cigarette makers and suppliers.

Brazil: balance of the National Tobacco Control Policy in the last decade and dilemmas. / Brasil: balanço da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco na última década e dilemas.

Since 2005, Brazil has been a Party of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, an international treaty whose measures are the foundation of the National Tobacco-Control Policy (NTCP), of Brazil. The results evidence a significant decrease in the prevalence of smokers and in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. These results, however, could have been even better if there wasn't the interference of the tobacco supply chain (TSC), controlled by transnational corporations, which has become more intense over the last 10 years. These companies made Brazil not only a repository for tobacco, but also for economic and political power capable of threatening NTCP achievements. This Essay recounts the development of NTCP and the tobacco supply chain modus operandi to hamper it, and discusses how the strengthening of policies to promote alternative crops for tobacco could shield NTCP from such interference.

Methylation at 3'LCR of HPV16 can be affected by patient age and disruption of E1 or E2 genes.

CpG methylation at early promoter of HPV16 DNA, in the 3' end of the Long Control Region (3'LCR), has been associated to the presence of episomal forms of viral genome and, consequently, intact E1 and E2 ORFs. The DNA methylation would block the access of E2 viral protein to the E2 binding sites at early-promoter. However, is still unclear if methylation at 3'LCR of HPV16 DNA can also vary depending of other tumor characteristics in addition to viral DNA physical state. In this study, we evaluate whether the methylation level at the five CpG located at 3'LCR of HPV16 is associated to patient age and E1 and/or E2 ORFs integrity. DNA pyrosequencing was used to measure the methylation level in 69 invasive cervical cancer samples obtained from biopsies of patients attended at Brazilian National Institute of Cancer (INCA). PCR amplifications were performed to assess disruption status of E1 and E2 genes of HPV16. The methylation average per sample ranged widely, from <1 to 88.00%. Presence of intact E1/E2 genes and patient age were positively associated with average methylation in both bivariate analyses (p=0.003 and p=0.006, respectively), and multivariate analysis (p=0.002 and p=0.021, respectively), adjusted for tumor type (squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas) and HPV16 lineage. These findings showed that presence of intact E1/E2 open reading frames was associated with high levels of DNA methylation, and older patients showed higher levels of methylation than younger ones independently of viral genome disruption.

Névoas, vapores e outras volatilidades ilusórias dos cigarros eletrônicos / Nieblas, vapores y otras volatilidades ilusorias de los cigarrillos electrónicos / Mists, vapors and other illusory volatilities of electronic cigarettes

Resumo: Neste artigo, analisa-se o discurso de fornecedores de cigarros eletrônicos para convencer potenciais usuários (fumantes, ex-fumantes ou nunca fumantes de cigarros) a adquirir e usar o novo produto. É um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório acerca do discurso de vendedores em oito sites de venda on-line que, entre 2011 e 2013, tiveram maior frequência de buscas na Internet. Os sites foram identificados pela ferramenta Google Trends, com base no número de acessos e frequência de buscas ao tema cigarro eletrônico. Tendo como referencial metodológico a hermenêutica-dialética, a categorização do material empírico sob o esquema "compreensão/interpretação" apontou quatro abrangentes sentidos: apropriação do discurso antitabagista; comparação entre cigarros convencional e eletrônico; apelo à crença na fidedignidade da ciência; e projeção da imagem do cigarro eletrônico. A análise desses sentidos configurou os elementos argumentativos do discurso de posicionamento de marketing utilizado por fabricantes e fornecedores de cigarros eletrônicos.

Resumen: En este artículo, se analiza el discurso de provedores de cigarrillos electrónicos para convencer a potenciales usuarios (fumadores, ex-fumadores o no fumadores) a adquirir y usar el nuevo producto. Es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio acerca del discurso de vendedores en ocho sitios de venta on-line que, entre 2011 y 2013, tuvieron una mayor frecuencia de búsquedas en Internet. Los sitios fueron identificados por la herramienta Google Trends, en base al número de accesos y frecuencia de búsquedas sobre el asunto cigarrillo electrónico. Teniendo como referencia metodológica la hermenéutica-dialéctica, la categorización del material empírico bajo el esquema "comprensión/interpretación" apuntó a cuatro sentidos más amplios: apropiación del discurso antitabaquista; comparación entre cigarrillos convencionales y electrónicos; apelo a la creencia en las cualidades fidedignas de la ciencia; y proyección de la imagen del cigarrillo electrónico. El análisis de esos sentidos configuró los elementos argumentativos del discurso de posicionamiento de marketing, utilizado por fabricantes y proveedores de cigarrillos electrónicos.

Abstract: In this article, we analyze the discourse of electronic cigarette suppliers directed at convincing potential users (smokers, former smokers or never smokers) to acquire and use the new product. This is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study on sellers' discourse found in eight on-line sales websites which, between 2011 and 2013, had the highest search frequencies. The websites were identified through Google Trends based on the number of accesses and search frequencies related to electronic cigarettes. Our methodological reference was dialectical-hermeneutics. We categorized the empirical material within the "understanding/interpretation" scheme within four broad meanings: appropriation of the anti-smoking discourse; comparison between conventional and electronic cigarettes; appeal to the trustworthiness of science and projection of e-cigarettes' image. The analysis of these meanings configured the argumentative elements of the marketing discourse used by electronic cigarette makers and suppliers.